Jim Crow Nostalgia: Reconstructing Race in Bronzeville

Abbott, Robert, 14, 129

accommodationism

black elites and, 3, 40

blacks’ definition of, xiv–xv

of Booker T. Washington, 11

disinvestment and, 3, 32

machine politics and, 3, 37, 40

in the migration era, 8–9

segregation and, 23–24, 32

self-help strategies and, 36–38

activism, 28, 29–30, 45–46, 58–60, 93, 125, 162

affirmative action policies, 109, 133, 135, 136

Affirmative Information Policy, 51–52

affordable housing, xiv, 112, 120, 131–33, 139–40, 143, 156, 161–62

African-American elites. See black elites

African-American identity. See racial identity

African-American nation, xxi

African village, 114

Alisnky neighborhood organization, 46

Alpha Suffrage Club, 15

AME church bishop, 140

Anderson, Louis B., 22–23

Anthony, Steven, xi–xiii, xxiv, 71, 78, 80–81, 86–87, 140–41

appropriation of racial injury, 160

architects, 60–61, 63, 106, 124, 144

Armour, Philip, 7

Armstrong, Louis, 85

art projects, 88–90, 109, 152

Australian Ballot, 6

authenticity. See racial authenticity

Baker, David, 39

Barnett, Ida B. Wells, 15

Barnett, William, 167 (chap. 2)n3

Bee Building, 88

Bennet, Chandra, 60

Binga, Jesse, 14, 20, 76

Binga Bank Building, 86, 141

black activism. See activism

Black Belt, 11–38, 71

black business development/ownership

Blues Fest and, 94

Bronzeville redevelopment and, 99

client-patron politics and, 15

demolition and, 140

Depression and, 166n8

Early migration and, 16

gentrification and, 145–47

middle class and, 122

origins of, 12–18

Overton Building and, 141

pre-migration, 168 (chap.3)n1

racial advancement and, 16, 77, 146–47

reimagined, 76–77

vs. residential development, 126

Restoring Bronzeville and, 94

self-help ideology and, 20–21

tourism and, 62

upper-income class and, 147

See also black elites

black community organizations. See Bronzeville Coalition; community development organizations; Mid-South

black conservatives, 134–35

black containment. See racial containment

black cultural innovation, 78–79, 90

black diaspora, xxi

black electorate

as black elite focus, 7

black political diversity and, xvi

Bronzeville legacy and, 96

Daley administration challenged by, 44–46

Daley supported by, 41–43

machine politics, break from, 40–41, 44–46, 62

racial identity and, 133

strength of, 12–13, 15

See also black political machine; Democratic Party; Democratic Party machine; Republican Party; Republican Party machine

black elites

accommodationism and, 3, 40

activism and, 29

black electoral development and, 7

black interests subordinated by, 8, 132

civil rights movement and, xxiv–xxv

class-based leadership and, 40, 64

consensus issues and, 137–38

Democratic Party, marginalized in, 42

disinvestment and, 21

Early Migration and, 159

economic nationalism of, 27

employment roles of, xviii

gentrification and, 146

integration and, 7

Mid-South privileging, 156

minority status of, 2

new missions of, 11

older generations of, 13, 24

as political brokers, 161

political power reduced, 32

preferences considered as communal, xiv, xxx, 133, 137, 147, 156, 159, 163

racial advancement and, 21, 76–77, 156, 160

racial formation theory and, xxii

racial identity and, 132–33, 138

racial injury appropriated by, 160

racial solidarity and, 122

Republican Party and, 5–6

segregation and, 7, 11, 19–20, 22–24, 37

social status of, xxiv–xxv, xxx

while elites and, xvii, xxv, 3–8, 12, 18, 40–41, 77–78

white backlash and, xix

See also black business development/ownership; black political leaders; lower-income class; middle class; upper-income class

black entrepreneurship. See black business development/ownership; black elites

Black History Month, 138

black identity. See racial identity

black laws, 6–7

black market (unregulated commerce), 12

Black Metropolis (Drake and Clayton), xxv, 83–84, 91

Black Metropolis Convention and Tourism Council, 60–61, 64–65, 76, 79, 87, 139

Black Metropolis Historic District

building rehabilitation in, 52

businesses founded in, 76

demolition in, 129, 132, 138–39

designation of, 71

Karl and, 88

landmark status and, 61, 82

See also community redevelopment; Mid-South; Restoring Bronzeville; tourism

black migration. See Early Migration (1890-1915); Great Migration (1915-1930)

black nationalism, 48

Black Panther party, 44

black political independence, 78

black political leaders

vs. Bronzeville community leaders, 102

community organizations challenging, 62, 110

constraints on election of, xvii

Democratic Party support withdrawn from, 46

entrepreneurial character of, xvi

first elections of, 15–16

Great Migration and, xvi

vs. Mid-South, 113

racial authenticity and, 104

racial identity and, 132

renewed strength of, 31

revolt against, 45

See also black machine politics; Republican Party; Second Ward; Third Ward

black political machine, 15–16, 31–32, 37, 40–41, 45–46, 62

See also Democratic Party; Democratic Party machine; machine politics; Republican Party; Republican Party machine

black power movement, xviii, 48

Black Wall Street of America, 76

black wards, 41, 44–45

See also Fourth Ward; Second Ward; Third Ward

blight, 33–34, 55

block clubs, 113

Blue Ribbon Committee, 67–68, 82, 107–8

Blues Fest, 93–95, 168 (chap.3)n3

branding, 87–97

Bridgeport (Illinois), 55, 72–73

Bronzeville. See Black Metropolis Historic District; community redevelopment; Mid-South; Restoring Bronzeville; tourism

Bronzeville Coalition

Black Metropolis and, 83–84

Bronzeville Gateway and, 89–90, 109

Bronzeville identity and, 99–102, 147

class preferences of, 142

community heritage notions of, challenged, 130

demolition and, 139–44

gentrification and, 145–47

historical views, alternatives to, 95–97, 156

intraracial conflict and, 110–30, 148–49

landmark designation and, 129

lower-income class and, 120

Mid-South and, 113–14

place-marketing campaigns of, 70–85, 99–100

Preckwinkle and, 125

preferences considered as communal, 156, 159

public housing and, 141–43

racial advancement and, 95

racial authenticity and, 120

racial discrimination and, 95

racial identity and, 68–69

Second Ward and, 113–14

segregation and, 95

success of, debated, 67–70

Third Ward and, 113–14

tourism and, 61–62

Bronzeville Gateway, 89–90, 109

Bronzeville history reimagined. See “New South Side, The”; Anthony, Steven; Black Metropolis Convention and Tourism Council; Black Metropolis Historic District; Bronzeville Coalition; Bronzeville identity; community folklore; Mid-South; place-marketing; racial golden age; tourism

Bronzeville identity, 71, 84, 99–102, 111, 121, 132–33, 147–48

Bronzeville Military Academy, 91

Bronzeville Organizer’s Alliance, 61, 92

Bronzeville Organizing Strategy Session, xxvii, 64–65

Bronzeville spirit, 92–93

Brooks, Gwendolyn

“A Street in Bronzeville”, 84

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 29, 96

See also Pullman Company

Brown, Wendy, 52–54, 64, 85, 108, 119, 121

Brown vs. Board of Education, 158

Burn Baby Burn (slogan/hot sauce), 159

business development/ownership. See black business development/ownership

Byrne, Jane, 48

Cabrini Green housing project, 54

Carey, Archibald J., Jr., 34–35

Centers for New Horizons, 61

Central Station, 53–55

Cermak, Anton, 26–27, 31–32

CHA. See Chicago Housing Authority

charettes, 59–60, 77, 93, 141

Chester, Delia, 51, 101–2, 129–30, 147, 167 (chap. 2)n3

Chicago Area Rehab Network, 48

Chicago Association of Neighborhood Development Organizations, 48

Chicago Bee (newspaper), 14, 59

Chicago Board of Education, 43

Chicago Defender (newspaper), xii, 14, 18, 22–23, 28, 141

Chicago Defender Building, 129, 141

Chicago Department of Planning, 59

Chicago Enterprise (newspaper), 14

Chicago Historical Society, 87

Chicago Housing Authority (CHA), 35, 43–44, 56, 139, 151, 169n5

Chicago Metropolitan Mutual Life Insurance, 77

Chicago Real Estate Board, 11

Chicago Riot Commission, 22

Chicago Urban League. See Urban League

Chicago Works program, 52

Christ Mediator Housing Group, 47

Civil Rights Act (1964), xvii, 49

civil rights movement

Black Belt activism and, 45–46

black elites and, xxiv–xxv

economic prosperity and,

167 (chap. 2)n4

intraracial conflict and, 149

Jim Crow nostalgia and, 158

limitations generated by, 158

political preferences after, 133

Pullman porters’ union anticipating, 28

racial group interests and, 135–36

racial solidarity and, 116

racism and, 158

revitalization of, 43

civil rights organizing, 41–46

Clark, Lenard, 72

Clark, Mark, 44

Clarke, Irving, 127–28

class identity. See black elites; lower-income class; middle class; race/class interaction theory; racial authenticity; racial identity; upper-income class

Clayton, Horace R.

Black Metropolis, xxv, 83–84, 91

client-patron politics

black business development and, 15

community decline and, 24–38

Democratic Party machine and, 3, 27, 42

machine politics and, 19, 26–27

in nineteenth-century black Chicago, 3–8

racial containment and, 18

relocation and, 16

Republican Party and, 15

in the Thompson administration, 166n5

Coalition to Protect Public Housing, 143

Cole, Nat King, 88

collectivism. See racial collectivism

Colored Women’s Conference of Chicago, 13

commercial center (proposed), 88

commodification of blackness, 159–60

Communist Party, 28–30

Community Development Block Grants, 52, 58

community development organizations. See Black Metropolis Convention and Tourism Council; Bronzeville Coalition; Mid-South

community folklore, 83–87

community redevelopment

aldermanic control of, 113–15, 125

conflicting goals within, xxxi, 1–2, 40, 47, 53–58, 62–63, 99–102

demolition and, 139

employment opportunities and, 106–9

historic development and, 39, 51–53, 60–62, 99–100

IIT and, 54–57

lower-income class and, xxvi, 112–13, 121

planning infrastructure lacking in, 57

reinvestment and, 34–35, 56

renewed focus on, 67

residents’ participation in, 58–60, 70–74, 99–102, 108–12

Richard J. Daley and, 107–8

white elites and, 107–8

See also Black Metropolis Historic District; Bronzeville history reimagined; Mid-South; Restoring Bronzeville; tourism

Community Workshop on Economic Development, 48–49

Congress of Racial Equality, 43

consensus issues, 137–51

constructionist theory, xxii–xxiii

containment. See racial containment

contractors, 124, 131–32

Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, 43, 46

Corneal A. Davis apartments, 51

Cottage Grove Avenue, 23, 68, 126

Council of Negro Organizations, 29

Crosstown Expressway, 48

cultural innovation. See black cultural innovation

Daley, Richard J.

black electoral support for, 41–43

black electorate, challenged by, 44–46

Bridgeport residence of, 72

Bronzeville development and, 67

community organizations controlled by, 46

community redevelopment, role in, 107–8

Democratic Party machine and, 41–42

development plans of, 53–54

New Downtown and, 53–54

racism in administration of, 42–45

riot orders issued by, 44

Wabash YMCA rehabilitation supported by, 138